Final project

Introduction:-

 

In the report we got    unknown sample and we have to do many tests to know which type of sample it is. We compare the sample with the references and from that we can identify it. So let’s take a look first on the background of fossil fuel and the types of fuel oils existed, their characteristics and applications in real life and then talk about the negative impact of fossil fuel on the environment and the living organisms and then mention the alternatives to fossil fuels and finally discuss our experimental test and findings.

 

 

Fossil fuels are fuels produced by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of covered dead organisms.. Fossil fuels contain high fraction of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. “Humans have used petroleum since the earliest times” (Dr. Zayn Bilkadi, In 1992). Fossil fuels are of grand substance because they can be burned.

 

 

Transformer oil it is most  highly superior inorganic oil that is stable at high temperatures and has outstanding electrical padding properties. It's used in some types of high voltage, route breakers, dazzling lamp ballasts and oil-filled transformers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing . (transformer oil .Wikipedia.2013)

 

 

Gear oil is an oil made purposely for transmissions, shift cases, and differentials in automobiles. It is of a higher viscosity to better guard the gears and usually is linked with a really  strong sulfur smell.

 (gear oil.Wikipedia.2012)

 

 

Turbine oil any oil used to lubricate the bearings and auxiliary machinery in steam and hydraulic turbines, in turbo pumps, and in air, gas, and refrigeration turbo compressors. Turbine oils are also used as lubricants and working fluids in various types of closed-cycle industrial machinery. (ibid)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testing description:

 

1.    The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil.( total acid number. Wikipedia 2012.). (Figure 3)

2.    The refractive index substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through that medium. ( The refractive index- Wikipedia 2012)

 

3.    API (American Petroleum Institute) is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. API gravity is thus an inverse measure of the relative density of petroleum liquid and the density of water. ( API - Wikipedia 2012)

4.    The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress (Shah ,2013.). (Figure 2)

5.    Pour point is the lowest: temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content. (pour point. Wikipedia,2013).

6.    A flash point is a temperature at which a liquid will burn and keep burning (Figure 1)

7.    The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely.(cloud point, Wikipedia,2013)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experimental-Data:

 

We did many tests for our unknown Physical appearance, API gravity, viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, refractive index and total acidity number shown.

 

 

Type of test	Result
Physical appearance	Light yellow
API gravity	36.550
viscosity	@40oC 4.9 cSt @100oC 2.3 cSt
Flash point	104c
Pour point	(-11) to (-12)
Cloud point	10 to 8
Refractive index	1.4411
Total acid number	0.06 mglg

 

 

Standard deviation and precision of viscosity:

 

S=

%S_r =  X 100%

 

 

 

 

 

Calculating standard deviation @40^oC:

X	Mean	(X – Mean)2	Standard deviation
4.945	4.962	0.0002	0.123
4.845	4.962	0.0128	0.123
5.093	4.962	0.0302	0.123

 

 

 

%S_r =  =

 

Calculating standard deviation @100^oC:

X	Mean	(X – Mean)2	Standard deviation
2.30	2.28	0.0004	0.044
2.31	2.28	0.0009	0.044
2.23	2.28	0.0025	0.044

 

%S_r =  = %

That’s means our result was precise.

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion:

 

Indeed we did many tests to got this final result. Physical appearance gives us the first goal that our unknown was light yellow and has a strong gas smell. First test was the API gravity, this test is to know the gravity for our unknown also, to know our sample is heavy oil or light oil; we got about 36.55 which means is a light oil. Second test was to know our unknown viscosity is heavy or light by using the viscosity test and we got from 2.3 to 4.9 which mean our unknown was lower viscosity that’s why we had some mistakes in running the watch and we compare it with another sample to insure. We used the refractive index, this test is too dimensionless of the sample in the light our unknowns was 1.4411 and by this test we approximate our unknown maybe gas oil or transformer oil. The pour point and flash point test, we did pure point test to insure our unknown in which temperature it would became a semi solid and loses its flow and we got it from -11 to -12 which is near with the information that we got it from research. Flash point test was to know where the unknown in which temperature will burn and we got in 104c⁰. Finally, the TAN test, which mean the total acid number, in this test we got many barriers and mistakes, we did the experiment three times, because we put wrong volume and we did it many times. In this test our unknown was 0.06 mg and this and we know our unknown was a gas oil not transformer oil.

 

Fossil fuel is a double edged sword. Fossil fuel now a day is an important, because is run all engines in the cars or manufactures and is an important for many countries to develop their economy. Also, almost 85% from our energy

Comes from fossil fuel that’s why we depend on it. Fossil fuel produces (co₂). This process affects the atmosphere and due to harm the atmosphere and increase the temperature of the earth that’s why many counties search for a new energy which is not harm to atmosphere. We know is important, but we must search for a new power that renewable and not cause any harm for the earth.

 

Biodiesel fuel is to be used in engines of diesel. This energy is not harmful to earth and now many companies used this energy in their cars, because this cars engines does not produce a CO₂ which most important to decrease the global warming. Biodiesel is the energy that renewable and we can use it to improve the economy which not depends on fossil fuel.

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion:

 

In the end we know our sample by doing many tests and we solve many questions about standard deviation and API gravity question , our sample have less viscosity and is light yellow that due to from these based we know our sample was gas oil. Also, from the TAN test the result made us to insure choose that was gas oil. This test give us many information about how to know the API and many test also, the information that Mr. Ugen help us to insure that we are in the right method.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendices:

 

	PA	API	Viscosity	Flash point	Pour point	Cloud point	Refractive Index	Total acid number
Jet fuel	Colorless	39-51	2-3.5	42-51	-40	- 30	1.4511	0.015 mg
Gas oil	Light yellow	20	2.0 -4.5	66	0-(-10)	9	1.4524	0.1-0.05 mg
Transformer oil	-Colorless -Low Density	26.4	-100 C◦(2.54) -40F◦(10.9)	149c◦	-62c◦	-	1.4820 -Very high degree purification -good electricity	0.05 mg
Turbine oil	colorless	100	11.1	216	-12	-	1.4717	-
Gear oil	Greenish blue	2.7%-4%	10-41	224	-40	-	At 25 1.4872	0.08 mg
Sample(1)	-light yellow  -strong gas	36.55	4.9-2.3	104c	(-11)-(-12)	10-8	1.4411	0.06 mg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Figure 1)

 

 

                                                                                                    (Figure 2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 (Figure 3)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography:

 

Biodiesel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel

Gear oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012, September 1). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil

Hill, A. (2003, May 5). What is Gear Oil?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gear-oil.htm.

Mann, P. (2009, June 22). Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

Shah, M. (2013, March 4). principle of physics: Viscosity. principle of physics. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from http://principleofphysic.blogspot.ae/2013/03/viscosity-fig.html

Pour point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point

Puchkov, N. G. (1971, January 1). Turbine Oil definition of Turbine Oil in the Free Online Encyclopedia.. Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Turbine+Oil