In indeed I learned in this course many things that improve may skills in English writing and reading. Also, this course helped me to increase my ability to learn more in English vocabulary and writing a summary report. Academic reading and writing helped me how to write a summary from 1500 words to decrease in 140 words. After that, I improved skills I writing and research information with reference in API style. My teacher gives us information about an inline citation and how to use it in reports. In final project I used all my skills in writing, because this project was between two sections in one reports. My reports were information about an unknown and how to describe it. This project was important because helped me to organize the information that got it from internet and test and put it in one reports. Academic reading and writing improved my skills in writing a report and the ways to write a perfect report. Therefore this program increase my ability of bibliography style also, made me organize my ideas first when I summary a paragraph and reports. Finally, at this semester I improve my English writing and reading in same time and I improve my skills in searching information. I had many problems at first time, but I overcame this problems and success.
Saturday, May 25, 2013
reflection
In indeed I learned in this course many things that improve may skills in English writing and reading. Also, this course helped me to increase my ability to learn more in English vocabulary and writing a summary report. Academic reading and writing helped me how to write a summary from 1500 words to decrease in 140 words. After that, I improved skills I writing and research information with reference in API style. My teacher gives us information about an inline citation and how to use it in reports. In final project I used all my skills in writing, because this project was between two sections in one reports. My reports were information about an unknown and how to describe it. This project was important because helped me to organize the information that got it from internet and test and put it in one reports. Academic reading and writing improved my skills in writing a report and the ways to write a perfect report. Therefore this program increase my ability of bibliography style also, made me organize my ideas first when I summary a paragraph and reports. Finally, at this semester I improve my English writing and reading in same time and I improve my skills in searching information. I had many problems at first time, but I overcame this problems and success.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Final project
Introduction:-
In the report we got unknown sample and we have to do many tests
to know which type of sample it is. We compare the sample with the references
and from that we can identify it. So let’s take a look first on the background
of fossil fuel and the types of fuel oils existed, their characteristics and
applications in real life and then talk about the negative impact of fossil
fuel on the environment and the living organisms and then mention the alternatives
to fossil fuels and finally discuss our experimental test and findings.
Fossil fuels are fuels produced by natural processes
such as anaerobic decomposition of covered dead organisms.. Fossil fuels
contain high fraction of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural
gas. “Humans have used petroleum since the earliest times” (Dr. Zayn
Bilkadi, In 1992). Fossil fuels are of grand substance because they can
be burned.
Transformer oil it is most highly superior inorganic oil that is stable
at high temperatures and has outstanding electrical padding properties. It's used
in some types of high voltage, route breakers, dazzling lamp ballasts and
oil-filled transformers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and
arcing . (transformer oil .Wikipedia.2013)
Gear oil is an oil made purposely for
transmissions, shift cases, and differentials in automobiles. It is of a higher
viscosity to better guard the gears and usually is linked with a really strong sulfur smell.
(gear
oil.Wikipedia.2012)
Turbine oil any oil used to lubricate the bearings and auxiliary machinery in
steam and hydraulic turbines, in turbo pumps, and in air, gas, and
refrigeration turbo compressors. Turbine oils are also used as lubricants and
working fluids in various types of closed-cycle industrial machinery. (ibid)
Testing
description:
1. The total acid number (TAN) is a
measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide
in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil.( total
acid number. Wikipedia 2012.). (Figure 3)
2. The refractive index substance is a
dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation,
propagates through that medium. ( The refractive index- Wikipedia 2012)
3. API (American Petroleum Institute) is a
measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. API
gravity is thus an inverse measure of the relative density of petroleum liquid
and the density of water. ( API - Wikipedia 2012)
4. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of
its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress (Shah
,2013.). (Figure 2)
5. Pour point is the lowest: temperature at
which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a
high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content. (pour
point. Wikipedia,2013).
6. A flash point is a temperature at which a
liquid will burn and keep burning (Figure 1)
7. The cloud point of a fluid is the
temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely.(cloud point,
Wikipedia,2013)
Experimental-Data:
We did many tests for our unknown Physical appearance, API gravity,
viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, refractive index and total
acidity number shown.
|
Type of test
|
Result
|
|
Physical
appearance
|
Light
yellow
|
|
API
gravity
|
36.550
|
|
viscosity
|
@40oC
4.9 cSt
@100oC
2.3 cSt
|
|
Flash
point
|
104c
|
|
Pour
point
|
(-11) to (-12)
|
|
Cloud
point
|
10 to 8
|
|
Refractive
index
|
1.4411
|
|
Total
acid number
|
0.06 mglg
|
Standard deviation and precision of viscosity:
S= 
%Sr
= 
X 100%
X 100%
Calculating standard deviation @40oC:
|
X
|
Mean
|
(X – Mean)2
|
Standard deviation
|
|
4.945
|
4.962
|
0.0002
|
0.123
|
|
4.845
|
4.962
|
0.0128
|
0.123
|
|
5.093
|
4.962
|
0.0302
|
0.123
|
%Sr
= 
= 
=
Calculating
standard deviation @100oC:
|
X
|
Mean
|
(X – Mean)2
|
Standard deviation
|
|
2.30
|
2.28
|
0.0004
|
0.044
|
|
2.31
|
2.28
|
0.0009
|
0.044
|
|
2.23
|
2.28
|
0.0025
|
0.044
|
%Sr
= = 
%
= %
That’s means our result was precise.
Discussion:
Indeed we did many tests to got this
final result. Physical appearance gives us the first goal that our unknown was
light yellow and has a strong gas smell. First test was the API gravity, this
test is to know the gravity for our unknown also, to know our sample is heavy
oil or light oil; we got about 36.55 which means is a light oil. Second test
was to know our unknown viscosity is heavy or light by using the viscosity test
and we got from 2.3 to 4.9 which mean our unknown was lower viscosity that’s
why we had some mistakes in running the watch and we compare it with another
sample to insure. We used the refractive index, this test is too dimensionless
of the sample in the light our unknowns was 1.4411 and by this test we
approximate our unknown maybe gas oil or transformer oil. The pour point and
flash point test, we did pure point test to insure our unknown in which
temperature it would became a semi solid and loses its flow and we got it from
-11 to -12 which is near with the information that we got it from research.
Flash point test was to know where the unknown in which temperature will burn
and we got in 104c0. Finally, the TAN test, which mean the total
acid number, in this test we got many barriers and mistakes, we did the
experiment three times, because we put wrong volume and we did it many times.
In this test our unknown was 0.06 mg and this and we know our unknown was a gas
oil not transformer oil.
Fossil fuel is a double edged sword.
Fossil fuel now a day is an important, because is run all engines in the cars
or manufactures and is an important for many countries to develop their
economy. Also, almost 85% from our energy
Comes from fossil fuel that’s why we
depend on it. Fossil fuel produces (co2). This process affects the
atmosphere and due to harm the atmosphere and increase the temperature of the
earth that’s why many counties search for a new energy which is not harm to
atmosphere. We know is important, but we must search for a new power that
renewable and not cause any harm for the earth.
Biodiesel fuel is to be used in engines
of diesel. This energy is not harmful to earth and now many companies used this
energy in their cars, because this cars engines does not produce a CO2 which
most important to decrease the global warming. Biodiesel is the energy that
renewable and we can use it to improve the economy which not depends on fossil
fuel.
Conclusion:
In the
end we know our sample by doing many tests and we solve many questions about
standard deviation and API gravity question , our sample have less viscosity
and is light yellow that due to from these based we know our sample was gas
oil. Also, from the TAN test the result made us to insure choose that was gas
oil. This test give us many information about how to know the API and many test
also, the information that Mr. Ugen help us to insure that we are in the right
method.
Appendices:
|
|
PA
|
API
|
Viscosity
|
Flash point
|
Pour point
|
Cloud point
|
Refractive Index
|
Total acid number
|
|
Jet fuel
|
Colorless
|
39-51
|
2-3.5
|
42-51
|
-40
|
- 30
|
1.4511
|
0.015
mg
|
|
Gas oil
|
Light
yellow
|
20
|
2.0
-4.5
|
66
|
0-(-10)
|
9
|
1.4524
|
0.1-0.05
mg
|
|
Transformer oil
|
-Colorless
-Low Density
|
26.4
|
-100 C◦(2.54)
-40F◦(10.9)
|
149c◦
|
-62c◦
|
-
|
1.4820
-Very high degree purification
-good electricity
|
0.05
mg
|
|
Turbine oil
|
colorless
|
100
|
11.1
|
216
|
-12
|
-
|
1.4717
|
-
|
|
Gear oil
|
Greenish
blue
|
2.7%-4%
|
10-41
|
224
|
-40
|
-
|
At 25
1.4872
|
0.08
mg
|
|
Sample(1)
|
-light
yellow -strong gas
|
36.55
|
4.9-2.3
|
104c
|
(-11)-(-12)
|
10-8
|
1.4411
|
0.06 mg
|
(Figure 1)
(Figure 2)
(Figure 3)
Bibliography:
Biodiesel -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
Gear oil -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012, September 1). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Hill, A. (2003,
May 5). What is Gear Oil?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gear-oil.htm.
Mann, P. (2009,
June 22). Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Shah, M. (2013,
March 4). principle of physics: Viscosity. principle of physics.
Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://principleofphysic.blogspot.ae/2013/03/viscosity-fig.html
Pour point -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point
Puchkov, N. G.
(1971, January 1). Turbine Oil definition of Turbine Oil in the Free Online
Encyclopedia.. Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Turbine+Oil
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